Chest Pain Case Study

Chest Pain Case Study Ebunoluwa Mikiie Chest Pain There are various Chest pains. Chest pain may be caused by gastrointestinal, respiratory, cardiac or musculoskeletal analysis. Chest pains may also be caused by anxiety, pericardium, myocardium, parietal pleural, aorta, esophagus, Chest wall, trachea and large bronchi, skin, and musculoskeletal system. As a nurse, I must carefully assess by asking questions, such as Location: where do you feel the pain in your chest? Onset: when did the pain begin? Duration: Does it happen with breathing? Is it nonstop or comes and goes? Associated manifestation: what else is experienced with the chest pain? Characteristics: describe your pain? Treatment: have you seen anyone or tried any medication? Relieving factors: does anything make it better (Nursing Guide)? Anxiety procedure is not clear. It is located below the left breast or across the anterior chest. The quality of pain is stabbing, sticking, dull or aching. Its severity is varying. It can be from hours to days. Symptoms are shallow breathing, anxiety, weakness and palpitations. Aggravating factor may be emotional stress. A relieving factor is unknown (Nursing Guide). Pulmonary: Tracheobronchitis is Inflammation of the trachea and bronchi, and is located at the on both sides of the sternum or at the sternal. The quality of pain is a burning sensation, severity, mild to moderate. The timing is variable. Aggravating factor is coughing, and relieving factor is lying on the affected side (Nursing guide). Pleuritis Pain: Inflammation of the parietal pleura as in pleurisy, pneumonia, pulmonary infarction or neoplasm, located at the chest wall. The quality of pain is sharp and can hurt like a knife with severe pain. Aggravating factors are inspiration, coughing and movements of the trunk, and relieving factors are medication and treatment. Its timing is persistent (Nursing Guide). Cardiovascular: Angina Pictoris: Temporary myocardial ischemia, usually secondary to coronary atherosclerosis, located at the anterior chest that sometimes radiates to the shoulder, arm, neck, lower jaw or upper abdomen. The quality of pain is pressing, squeezing, tight and heavy with occasional burning. The severity is mild to moderate; this is sometimes perceived as discomfort rather than pain. Its timing is usually 1-3 minutes but up to 10 minutes, prolonged episodes are up to 20 minutes. Association symptoms are dyspnea, nausea and sweating. Aggravating factors are exertion in the cold, meals, emotional stress, it sometimes occurs at rest. Relieving factors are rest and nitroglycerin (Nursing Guide) Myocardial Infarction: This is prolonged myocardial ischemia, and results in irreparable muscle damage and/or necrosis. It is located at the anterior chest that sometimes radiates to the shoulder, arm, lower jaw, neck or upper abdomen. The quality of pain is like angina. Myocardial Infarction is often but not always a severe pain, with a timing of 20 minutes to several hours. The relieving and aggravating factors are unknown (Nursing Guide). Pericarditis: Irritation of the parietal pleura, adjacent to the pericardium. It is located at the precordial space and could radiate to the tip of the shoulder and the neck. The quality of pain is also sharp and knife-like and also severe with persistent timing. Aggravating factors are breathing changing position, lying down, swallowing and coughing. A relieving factor is sitting forward (Nursing Guide). Gastrointestinal: Reflex Esophagitis: Inflammation of the esophageal mucosa by reflux of gastric acid. It is located retro sternal and may radiate to the back. Its severity is mild to severe with variable timing. The quality of pain is burning and squeezing sensation. Aggravating factors are eating large meals, lying down, and also bending over. Relieving factors are antacid and sometimes belching. Associated symptoms are regurgitation and dyspnea (Nursing Guide). Chest wall Pain: The progression is not always clear, it is frequently found along the costal cartilages or below the left breast. The quality of pain is aching, dull, stabbing, or sticking. Its timing can be from hours to days and has variable severity. An associated symptom is a local tenderness. An aggravating factor may be movement of arms, trunk and chest. Relieving factor is unknown (Nursing Guide). Assessment SOAP note on two individuals adults. The first individual has a history of high blood pressure; he is taking his blood pressure medication regularly. The second individual has a history of diabetes; he exercise regularly and eat healthily, but is concerned that his lifestyle change is not apparent in weight loss outcome. A general assessment was done on both patients, but focused area was done on the upper and lower extremities for skin turgor, color temperature and capillary refills. Patient one: Mr. J.M. is a 49-year-old white male, a car salesperson. He was born in Georgia. Subjective: Mr. J.M. has a history of High Blood Pressure. Mr. J.M. said that he has been taking atenolol 25mg once a day by mouth for one year, and has no negative effect from it. He rated his pain scale as 0/10 (0-10 pain scale). He said he was concern about having a heart failure form cardiac issues from stress due to the nature of his job. Objective: Vital Signs, temperature 98.4, pulse 77, respiration 18 and blood pressure 130/80. Head, eyes and nose appears normal no pallor noted. Skin turgor normal and elastic, no signs of dehydration or excessive dryness noted. Color fair, normal for race, no change or abnormal pigmentation observed. Skin is warm and dry to touch (using the back of my hands). Capillary refills in upper and lower extremities of nail beds less than 2 seconds. Respiration clear, no, wheezing or shortness of breath or noisy breathing noted. Lung sounds auscultated, clear bilaterally at anterior and posterior lower and upper lobes. Normal breath sounds, soft and low pitch over most of both lungs, equal expiratory and inspiratory sounds. Irregular breath sounds will necessitate instantaneous care. No adventitious breath sounds such as crackles, wheezes or rhonchi noted. Heart sounds auscultated, normal S1 and S2 noted. These areas were palpated, brachial pulse found at the inner aspect of the elbow; it i s also a regular site use to obtain blood pressure measurements. The radial pulse is located at the thumb site of the wrist, the popliteal pulse at the back of the knee, the femoral pulse is located in the groin region, the dorsalis pedis pulse at the top of the foot, the posterior tibial pulse at the lower side at the inner aspect of the ankle. It is to locating these sites are imperative because they are necessary pressure points in case of severe bleeding. The amplitude of the pulses compares equitably, when the pulses were palpated (www.nursing times.net). Abdomen is soft and non-tender, and the bowel sounds active in all four quadrants, with active range of motion (ROM) noted in bilateral upper and lower extremities. Diagnosis: Knowledge deficit related to signs and symptoms of heart failure as evidence by patient’s concern of stress and impending heart failure. Blood pressure within normal range. Plan: Encourage Patient to continue taking his medication, increase water intake to at least eight glasses per day, decrease additional salt intake to help maintain normal blood pressure. Patient to continue daily exercise. Encourage patient to keep physician appointment. Routine laboratory test include complete blood count (CBC), urinalysis, thyroid panel, chemistry panels, thyroid panel, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glucose check, and white blood count (WBC). Patient 2: Mr. J.J. is a 40-year-old African America male, businessperson. He was born in Georgia. Subjective: Patient came into the clinic with concern of not able to see the resulting exercise with his weight, change in diet. Patient associated his not being able to loose with his history of being a diabetic for over three years. He said that currently he takes metformin 1000mg twice a day by mouth. Patient denies any pain at this time. Objective: Vital Signs, temperature 98.6, pulse 84, respiration 20 and blood pressure 127/76. Blood sugar 115 mg/dl. Weight 200 pounds. Head, eyes and nose appears normal. Skin turgor normal and elastic, no signs of dehydration or excessive dryness noted. Color appropriates to ethnicity, no pallor noted, no change or abnormal pigmentation noted. Temperature of the skin is warm to touch. Capillary refills in upper and lower extremities nail beds less than 2 seconds. Respiration clear, no shortness of breath, wheezing or noisy breathing noted. Lung sounds auscultated, clear bilaterally at anterior and posterior upper and lower lobes. Normal breath sounds noted. No crackles or wheezes or rhonchi. Heart sounds auscultated and normal. These areas were palpated; brachial pulse establish at the inner part [tm1]of the elbow. Radial pulse found at the wrist. Femoral pulse found in the groin area. Popliteal pulse found at the back of the knee, the dorsalis pedis pulse found at the top of the f oot, the posterior tibial pulse found at the lower side at the inner aspect of the ankle. The amplitude of the pulses compares equitably, when the pulses were palpated (www.nursing times.net). Abdomen soft and non-tender, bowel sound noted in all four quadrants, active range of motion noted in bilateral upper and lower extremities. Diagnosis: Non-reassuring weight loss related history of diabetes. GLucose 115mg/dl before food. Plan: The patient should be congratulated on taking steps to live a healthy life. I would encourage the patient to continue his exercise and include exercises to target specific areas he wants to loose. I would encourage him to continue with his medication regimen and continue with his healthy lifestyle change to help with his medication. Routine laboratory test: Glucose (hemoglobin A1C); thyroid panel; white blood count (WBC); blood urea nitrogen (BUN); complete blood count (CBC). [tm1]

Prosecuting Arguments

Prosecuting Arguments A prosecutor's duty is to defer and produce evidence of the crime at hand to the judge and jury so that they can decide an appropriate sentence. According to the case of State v. Stu Dents, there are several charges against the defendant which range from moderate to severe. These charges include homicide, assault of a police officer, kidnapping, burglary, and crimes related to drugs. The prosecution must attempt to provide accurate evidence to prove the charges against Stu Dents.During this trial, the prosecution will evaluate the laws and statutes of Hawaii, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Pennsylvania to determine which state the case is the strongest. The prosecution will examine each of these states thoroughly to provide a better understanding of the charges, which will provide a guideline in determining the best sentencing alternatives. Facts and Elements The prosecution must establish the facts and elements of each crime to prove a defendant's guil t. The elements of crime are the basic components of the crime, and the essential features of that crime specified by law or statute.These elements include actus reus, mens rea, and a concurrence of the two. To convict the defendant of a particular crime, the prosecution must establish that each of the required elements are present in the facts to prove criminal liability (Schmalleger, Hall, & Dolatowski, 2010). In the case of State v. Stu Dents, the prosecution must establish the facts and elements of the charges for homicide, assault of a police officer, kidnapping, burglary, and crimes related to drugs. For the charge of homicide, all of the required elements are present in the facts of the case.The journal entries discussing the purchase of rope, rags, and a sharp hunting knife â€Å"to fulfill [his] destiny† prove mens rea. Actus reus is proven in the evidence that the victim was found with cloth stuffed in her mouth, arms and legs tied with rope restraints, and stabbed to death. The defendant's intent to commit the crime is proven by the journal entries, and the proof that he engaged in the criminal conduct is evident in the gagging, restraining, and stabbing death of the victim (University of Phoenix, n. d. ).For the charge of assault of a police officer, all of the required elements are present in the facts of the case. When police officers attempted to take him into custody, he was extremely agitated, irrational, combative, and screaming about the end of the world and aliens working in the police force, which proves mens rea. Actus reus is proven when the defendant punched the officer in the face while the officer attempted to handcuff him. The defendant's intent to cause bodily harm to the officer by punching him proves the presence of intent and conduct (University of Phoenix, n. . ). For the charge of kidnapping, all of the required elements are present in the facts of the case. Mens rea is proven from the evidence officers found in the defe ndant's home, which included a timeline of more than 300 photos of the victim in various locations and situations. It appears as if some photos were taken without the victim's knowledge. Actus reus is proven by the evidence of cuts and bruises found on the victim's body as well as skin particles under her fingernails, which signify a struggle prior to death.The DNA of the skin particles matched samples of the defendant's DNA. Therefore, the defendant's intent to seize unlawfully and carry away the victim by force, as indicated by the evidence of struggle, proves the presence of intent and conduct (University of Phoenix, n. d. ). For the charge of burglary, all of the required elements are present in the facts of the case. Mens rea is proven from witness testimony stating that the defendant entered the victim's apartment when she was not home, and there was no proof that he used a key.Actus reus is proven when a search of the defendant's home produced drugs and jewelry owned by the v ictim. The defendant's intent to enter the victim's residence unlawfully without permission for the purpose of committing a crime is proven by the theft of the victim's possessions (University of Phoenix, n. d. ). For the charge of crimes related to drugs, all of the elements are present in the facts of the case. Mens rea is proven when a search of the defendant's home produced various amounts of ecstasy, cocaine, and methamphetamines.Actus reus is proven by the presence of ecstasy, cocaine, and methamphetamines in the defendant's home, which is an act of possession. The defendant knowingly possessing the drugs coexists with the act of possessing the drugs (University of Phoenix, n. d. ). State Laws In Hawaii, homicide occurs when a person intentionally or knowingly causes the death of another person, and it is considered murder in the first degree. The crime of homicide with more than one victim or an inmate killing his or her cellmate is considered first degree murder, and homicid e of an officer of the law is considered a felony murder.Murder in the first degree is a serious felony, and the defendant could face life in prison without parole because Hawaii does not have the death penalty (FindLaw, 2012). In Pennsylvania, assault of a police officer occurs when a person intentionally causes harm to an officer while on duty, such as fighting the officer to avoid arrest. If this incident causes the officer bodily harm, the crime is a second-degree misdemeanor. This will result in a sentence of up to five years in prison, and a fine of up to $3,000.If a person shoots and kills an officer on duty, the charge is assault in the first degree. The defendant could face a minimum of 20 years in prison or death for first-degree assault of a police officer (Justia, n. d. ). In North Carolina, kidnapping occurs when a person unlawfully restrains or keeps another person at any place without his or her permission. It is considered first degree kidnapping if the victim is not released in a safe place or is seriously injured. This charge is considered a Class C felony, and it carries up to 15 years imprisonment (North Carolina General Assembly, n. d. ).In Arkansas, residential burglary occurs when a person unlawfully enters and remains in a residential structure, and commits any offense punishable by imprisonment. This crime is considered a Class B felony. A defendant who is charged with this crime faces five to 10 years imprisonment, and a fine of up to $15,000 (Justia, n. d. ). In Virginia, crimes related to drugs include manufacturing, distributing, or possessing controlled substances with the intent to manufacture or distribute. A first offense under this statute carries a sentence of five to 40 years imprisonment, and a fine of up to $500,000.Second and subsequent offenses carry a sentence of five years to life imprisonment, and a fine of up to $500,000. It is considered a felony if a person manufactures, distributes, or possesses certain large amou nts of controlled substances. A felony conviction carries a sentence of five years to life imprisonment, and a fine of up to $1 million (Laws. com, 2011). Strongest State Case According to the information on the state laws and statutes, Hawaii would yield the strongest prosecution in the case of State v. Stu Dents. InHawaii, a conviction of homicide carries a sentence of life imprisonment without parole, which would keep the defendant away from society, and keep society safe from possible future offenses by the defendant. A conviction for assault of a police officer carries up to five years imprisonment. A conviction for kidnapping and drug crimes is a Class A felony, and it carries a term of up to life imprisonment with a fine of up to $50,000. A conviction of burglary is a Class B felony, and it carries a term of two to 20 years imprisonment with a fine of up to $25,000 (Nolo, 2012).If the defendant is found guilty of all charges in the state of Hawaii, he will spend the rest of h is life in prison as well as pay a large amount in fines, which is absolute justice for the victim. Conclusion Each state has different laws for each crime that a person commits and how that person is charged for the crime. The prosecution for each crime is strong for each of the states examined. No matter what the case is for a crime committed in any state, there is a law or statute available to charge a person for that crime.Regardless of the state the criminal trial proceeds in, the prosecution will have a strong case in the case of State v. Stu Dents. References FindLaw. (2012). Haw. Rev. Stat.  § 707-701 : Hawaii Statutes – Section 707-701: Murder in the first degree. Retrieved from http://codes. lp. findlaw. com/histatutes/5/37/707/II/707-701 Justia. (n. d. ). 2010 Arkansas Code  § 5-39-201 – Residential burglary — Commercial burglary. Retrieved from http://law. justia. com/codes/arkansas/2010/title-5/subtitle-4/chapter-39/ subchapter-2/5-39-201/ Justi a. (n. d. . 2010 Pennsylvania Code  § 2702. 1 – Assault of law enforcement officer. Retrieved from http://law. justia. com/codes/pennsylvania/2010/title-18/chapter-27/2702-1/ Laws. com. (2011). 18. 2-248 – Manufacturing, selling, giving, distributing, or possessing with intent to manufacture, sell, give, or distribute a controlled substance or an imitation controlled substance prohibited; penalties. Retrieved from http://statutes. laws. com/ virginia/title-18-2/chapter-7/18-2-248 Nolo. (2012). Hawaii Charges for Crimes by Felony Class. Retrieved from ttp://www. criminaldefenselawyer. com/resources/criminal-defense/felony-offense/ hawaii-felony-class. htm North Carolina General Assembly. (n. d. ). Article 10 – Kidnapping and Abduction. Retrieved from http://www. ncga. state. nc. us/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/PDF/ByArticle/Chapter_ 14/Article_10. pdf Schmalleger, F. , Hall, D. E. , & Dolatowski, J. J. (2010). Criminal law Today. (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. University of Phoenix. (n. d. ). State v. Stu Dents. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, CJA354 website.

Classified Information About Animal Argumentative Essay Topics That Only the Pros Know About

Classified Information About Animal Argumentative Essay Topics That Only the Pros Know About It's important to not forget that the zoos are businesses which exist to generate a profit. The Columbia Plateau herd spans all 3 eastern regions in a place called the Columbia Basin. Although animals are being taken advantage of, they may be used to discover cures for various diseases that individuals might have. Also, they can make sure that all products are safe before being put on the market. There are just a few things that define whether an essay you're working on is going to be a good one. Understanding how to compose a strong argumentative paper will help you advance your very own argumentative thinking. At precisely the same time, you should make an effort not to persuade the reader into a particular opinion or side. The issue is that everybody's interpretation of what makes a great society differs. But What About Animal Argumentative Essay Topics? When students are writ ing their argumentative essays which must find, read and analyze plenty of material to do good. To write a strong argumentative essay, they should begin by familiarizing themselves with some of the common, and often conflicting, positions on the research topic so that they can write an informed paper. They are used to the fact that their professors give them the assignment's topic. They should be careful about posting on social media. Animal testing shouldn't be done because animals don't have a choice and it's wrong. Unfortunately, humans are frequently the most dangerous animal so far as zoo animals are involved. It's important to not forget that lots of animals reside in herds or packs in the wild. Animals shouldn't be used for testing. Animal Argumentative Essay Topics Secrets That No One Else Knows About Finding the cure for diseases can help everybody in the long run because people are going to have cure. Argumentative writings is a particular sort of a paper. An argumentative essay is a particular sort of essay which requires students to argue with the present points of view as a way to show the truth of their own position. You want to opt for something which is controversial since you can't really argue to refute facts. A conclusion is, without doubt, the most essential portion of the argumentative essay since you can either support the very good impression or destroy it entirely. Ultimately, you also have to have the ability to talk about either side of the argument to provide a rounded essay. At the conclusion of these list, you will discover links to a variety of argumentative paragraphs and essays. Otherwise, the info could possibly be too old to use. No warrant ought to be needed for search and seizures. You should back up your viewpoint with well-researched facts and data also. What You Need to Do About Animal Argumentative Essay Topics Before You Miss Your Chance Inspiration to make your own advertising or media argumentat ive essay topics isn't tough to discover. The value of research in persuasive writing cannot be overstated. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. Since you may see, writing an argumentative essay on the majority of the available topics is a time-consuming process which demands lots of efforts and skills it's well worth trying as it is possible to acquire unforgettable experience. What You Need to Do About Animal Argumentative Essay Topics Before You Miss Your Chance The first thing which you are going to want to do once you've chosen your topic is to start with writing an outline. Therefore, the topic needs to be debatable! Selecting an excellent topic for your essay is among the most significant and frequently tricky parts for many students. Choosing topics for argumentative essays is essential for your general success. On the opposite side, acquiring a list of good persuasive essay topics is inadequate. Thus, it's important to read corresponding formatting guide. As any guide on the best way to compose a persuasive essay will inform you, your essay has to be organized in paragraphs with a logical progression from 1 paragraph to the next. The One Thing to Do for Animal Argumentative Essay Topics Weave in your perspective to create your essay unique. Now, whenever you have a 1-hour essay or a 2-hour essay due and you're not sure you can cope with it on such a brief notice, consider asking our writers for assistance. It's important to understand that essay topics are just basic ideas that leave you pondering an idea that might be a huge deal to somebody else. Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. Persuasive essays share a good deal of resemblance with argumentative essays. All argumentative essays must have a conclusion paragraph. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's critical to at all times be critically considering the world around us. Good persuasive essay topics need to be persuasive. Schools should not have anything to do with ads. Since you can see, a number of the topics listed are new and handle the recent issues happening in the World today. Still, it's better to get a freedom of choice as far as it is possible to select the issue which interests you. Around the world, immigration is a popular topic as countries suffer from war and financial disasters. Life, Death and Animal Argumentative Essay Topics Bear in mind you may make funny argumentative essays if you do a few things. Your readers will need to observe the entire picture, and that's what you should concentrate on. It is crucial to begin with demonstrating the most important idea of the entire piece so you and your readers are going to be on the very same page. The picture of a number of the dresses has been displayed together with the color so that it will become simple for the buyer to produce the best alternative.

Feral Cats Essay - 1382 Words

Cats are one of the most beloved pets to humans beings. Though they provided a sense of comfort and love, there is a dark side to these soft, adorable, felines. Cats, both domestic and feral, poses a serious threat to native bird populations in the United States and health risk to both people and other animals. It is important that people realize the impact that feral cats have in the environment that they inhabit and how it not only effects other species, but us humans as well. Feral cats have no form of human interaction and therefore are difficult and or nearly impossible to assimilate as a regular house pet. There appears to be limited options on what can be done to help assist in the reduction of feral cat populations without sparking†¦show more content†¦It is important to note the difference between stray cats and feral cats. Stray cats are cats that were once owned and then later abandoned or lost. Feral cats are cats that grew up with no human contact. Cat colonies are not some big happy cat family like â€Å"Cat Warriors† According to this article, in the 1980’s, the population of Brown Pelican colonies decreased as the population of feral cats increased, â€Å"Feral cats could depress Brown Pelican productivity in local areas†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Daniel, James, Gene, Franklin, Leopoldp). Brown Pelicans constructs their nests close to the ground. Their natural predators when it comes to eating their offspring’s have been black rats. However, this relationship between pelicans and rats have always existed before the introduction of cats. With cats interring the game, Brown Pelicans not only have to defend their eggs and hatchlings from rats, but also a new, and skilled predator; cats having the ability to attack and kill both parents and offspring will surely lead to the extinction of Brown Pelicans along the California coast. Piping Plover, California Clapper Rail, Florida Scrub-Jay, and Hawaiian Petre are example of rare spec ies of birds that find their existence threatened by cats. According to an article from abcbirds.org, â€Å"cats carry bacteria and viruses in their mouths, some of which can be transmitted to their victims. Even if treatment is administered immediately, only aboutShow MoreRelatedFeral Cat Mitigation Efforts : Tnr And More Essay2390 Words   |  10 PagesFeral Cat Mitigation Efforts: TNR and More With feral cats posing ecological and public health threats, many different techniques, reflecting a range of moral and ethical values, have been proposed and implemented. TNR is considered one of the most humane methods, but other methods that exist include euthanasia, trap and eradication, and more intensive versions of TNR that include vaccinations and rehabilitations. These methods vary in their effectiveness, practicality, cost and social acceptanceRead MoreFeral Cats1467 Words   |  6 PagesFeral Cats have become a large problem in Oregon, as well as surfacing across the nation. Feral Cats should be Trapped, Neutered, and Released instead of being Trapped and Killed. The Cats should only be euthanized in the case of irreparable diseases. These cats deserve animal liberation in the sense that they feel pain just as we as humans do, and we as humans possess the moral duty to prevent that pain. With a non-egalitarian view of Biocentric Individualism view on things we can de termineRead MoreFeeding Behavior in Feral and Domestic Cats Essay1708 Words   |  7 PagesFeeding Behavior in Feral and Domestic Cats During the course of evolution, a species may change drastically. Adaptations in behavior and in physical characteristics are both important to survival. Some behaviors of a species may be learned, while others may be genetically determined. 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Therefore, the main argument is: (4) Cats should not live outdoors. Premises support (1): (5) Outdoor cats killed 2.4 billion birds annually in the lower 48 states. (6) Outdoor cats also kill about 12.3 billion small mammals and about 650 million reptiles and amphibians. Premises support (2): (7) T.N.R. is generally not particularly effective at reducing feral cat coloniesRead MoreEssay about Animal Rights: Working to Help Reduce the Numbers910 Words   |  4 Pagestake it home with me. I have 3 cats, all rescues, 2 from adoption event sponsored by PetSmart and the othe was only with me until I could find her a good home. That was almost 3 years ago. Not every animal is lucky enough to have nice, warm, loving home or get adopted into one. The numbers are staggering. 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Essay on Loss of Faith in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown

Loss of Faith in Young Goodman Brown In the Bible, God commands Moses to go up Mount Sinai to receive divine instruction. When he comes back, his people, the Israelites, have gone crazy. They have forgotten Moses, and forgotten their God. They form their own god, a golden calf, and build an altar. They even had a festival for the golden calf. Afterward they sat down to eat and drink and sat down to indulge in revelry (Exodus 32:6). Moses then went down the mountain and got so angry that he smashed the tablets with the Ten Commandments on them. The Israelites lost faith because they could not see the God they were worshipping, so they forgot him and began worshipping a false idol. The Israelites are not very†¦show more content†¦The Devil carries a staff that bore the likeness of a great black snake (Hawthorne 318). Hawthorne uses this as a reference to the story of Adam and Eve in the Bible. The serpent in the Bible led Eve to eat of the Tree of Knowledge. Eating from this tree barred Adam and Ev e from paradise (Genesis 3). The staff in Young Goodman Brown leads Goodman Brown to the ceremony in the forest. Goodman Browns faith is destroyed after the ceremony. Later Goodman Brown declares that he comes from a race of honest men and good Christians (Hawthorne 318). The Devil reminds him of all of the wrong that these men have done. This causes loss in faith because Young Goodman realizes that all of his forefathers have done bad deeds in the name of good. Pride causes man to lose faith. Man also loses faith because of erroneous values. Man often believes that good deeds can erase evil deeds. Young Goodman Browns young wife, Faith, symbolizes mans religion. Before leaving for his evil deed in the forest, Young Goodman Brown says, After this one night Ill cling to her skirts and follow her to heaven (Hawthorne 317). Man often justifies misconduct by doing good actions. A person may go out on a Saturday night and get drunk, but the next morning he will be in church, hoping to redeem himself. Many times man believes that he is alone in his faith. Near the end of the story, Young Goodman Brown cries out Faith! Faith! LookShow MoreRelated Goodman Brown’s Loss of Faith in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown1492 Words   |  6 Pages Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote Young Goodman Brown based on morals and what Easterly in Lachrymal Imagery in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown calls spiritual maturity (Easterly 339). In the short story, Goodman Brown, a young Puritan lea ves his wife of three months to watch a witch ceremony in the forest. During this point in time, Puritans based their lives on teachings of religion and morality; therefore, witch-meetings were surely immoral, and they betrayed the commitment of God. Dwelling inRead More Essay on Loss of Faith in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown874 Words   |  4 Pages Young Goodman Brown:nbsp; Loss of Faith nbsp; Faith can be defined, as a firm belief in something for which there is no proof. Young Goodman Brown is about a man who leaves his wife, Faith, at home alone for a night while he takes a walk down the road of temptation with the devil. Along the road he sees many people that he would never expect to see on this road, his wife included. He returns to his life in Salem a changed man. In Young Goodman Brown Nathaniel Hawthorne uses symbolismRead More Ambiguity and Uncertainty in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown1512 Words   |  7 PagesAmbiguity and Uncertainty in Young Goodman Brown   Ã‚  Ã‚   In Young Goodman Brown, Nathaniel Hawthorne, through the use of deceptive imagery, creates a sense of uncertainty that illuminates the theme of mans inability to operate within a framework of moral absolutism.   Within every man there is an innate difference between good and evil and Hawthornes deliberate use of ambiguity mirrors this complexity of human nature. Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown, is misled by believing in the perfectibilityRead More Absence of Absolute Good or Absolute Evil in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown1468 Words   |  6 PagesAbsence of Absolute Good or Absolute Evil in Young Goodman Brown   Ã‚  Ã‚   Lo! There ye stand, my children, said the figure, in a deep and solemn tone, almost sad, with its despairing awfulness, as if his once angelis nature could yet mourn for our miserable race. Depending on one anothers hearts, ye had still hoped, that virtue were not all a dream. Now ye are undeceived! Evil is the nature of mankind. Evil must be your only happiness. Welcome, again, my children, to the communion of your raceRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown847 Words   |  4 PagesFaith is a word often used to describe the trust that one has in God; as expressed in a novel written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.† In Young Goodman Brown, one of Hawthorne’s biggest themes is faith. Hawthorne wrote this story to illustrations how temptation and the views of others can influence the way an individual lives. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† takes place in the 1800s during the time of the Salem Witch Trials; where emphasis was po sitioned on the strict moral rules and the searchRead More Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Browns Apocalypse Essay1006 Words   |  5 PagesNathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Browns Apocalypse      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Most criticism and reflection of Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown centers on a good versus evil theme. Critics also debate interpretations of the main characters consciousness; is Brown awake or dreaming.   What is certain is that he lives and dies in pain because his belief in his righteousness isolates him from his community.   It is also certain that Hawthornes interpretation of Browns mid-lifeRead MoreAnalysis Of Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown 946 Words   |  4 Pages In Hawthorne’s ‘Young Goodman Brown’ the main character, Goodman Brown leaves his wife alone for a night to go to a secret meeting in the forest. As it turns out the religious Goodman Brown is actually sneaking off to meet with the Devil. While in the forest with the devil he sees many influential people from town there as well, including his wife. They seem to be about to be taken into the cult when Goodman Brown looks at his wife and begs her to remain with her Faith. Next thing he knows heRead MoreYoung Goodman Brown:: Analyzing Browns Identity1190 Words   |  5 PagesIn the short story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† Nathaniel Hawthorne sets the locale of the story during the Salem witch trials at his convenience to include the Calvinist theme of sin, that belief in which formed the early history of New England’s social and spiritual identity. As a dark romantic, Hawthorne includes the elements of human nature, mysticism, good and evil, and one ’s own spirituality to convey his message to the reader. However, it is left to the reader’s own digression to interpret his ambiguousRead MoreBiography of Nathaniel Hawthorne1273 Words   |  6 Pagescharacter, views, and faith. Although all parents try their best to successfully raise their children, even the most perfect of families cannot hide their deep, dark secrets forever. Raised as a Puritan, Nathaniel Hawthorne grew up with a devout family intensely immersed in religion. As he matured, Hawthorne discovered that his seemingly pious family was disturbingly flawed, a discovery that would radically change his life. In his short story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Puritan family secretsRead MoreYoung Goodman Brown964 Words   |  4 PagesOne: Reader-Response Criticism Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is a short story in which the author attempts to convey several different messages or themes throughout the literary piece. Themes in literary works can sometimes be better understood by analyzing the piece with a specific literary criticism technique. A few of these literary criticism techniques include Marxist, Formalism, and Reader Response just to name a few. Given Hawthorne’s style of writing and this short story in

PERVASIVE AND MOBILE COMPUTING Free Essays

string(87) " to be connected to the internet, download new updates or request maintenance service\." OVERVIEW From the invention of Steam Engine to the invention of dynamo by James Watt and Werner Von Siemens respectively, and also remarkably taking the first power station into operation by Thomas A Edison [1], a massive change took place in the 19th century which brought about the generation, production and distribution of energy. The machines and engines were decentralized making the distribution of energy everywhere a possibility. This discovery led to several others like motor-cars, light bulbs and the rest of them. We will write a custom essay sample on PERVASIVE AND MOBILE COMPUTING or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although the technology behind these is irrelevant to most users, but then it brings about convenience and make life a lot easier which benefits the economy immensely. After the industrialization transformation, another major transformation occurred which was Computers. â€Å"While industrialization enhanced the manpower with the help of machines, computer multiplied the mental capabilities of man†. Its application then varied from processing large information, creation and organisation of phone bills, payroll, and invoices. It was also used though with the help of mechanical machines to lift heavy amount of item e.g. steel Figure 1.1. The computing evolution From that point onwards, the computing industry began to grow, and its applications also widened to being used for air traffic control, in administration, and was also used for management systems in the process of â€Å"ensuring a static environment for employees†. Presently information technology has gone so broad that it surpassed the years of using the mainframe system where you have many users to a computer machine, and has since then gone even further to find its way into being an integral part of the telecommunication, entertainment, commerce and finally the finance industry in which nowadays, most organisation run their business online which is also called E-business. This type of computing is known as persuasive computing. Pervasive computing which is also known as ubiquitous computing is an exciting and intriguing field of research that brings in exceptional changes for the computational models in the 21st century. It basically integrates the concept of computation into our daily lives as opposed to having computers standing on its own. The goal of pervasive computing varies from creating an invincible technology to integrating the physical and virtual world together [3]. â€Å"Tremendous development of wireless communications and networking, mobile computing and handheld devises, embedded systems, wearable computers, sensors, FRID tags, smart spaces, middleware, software agents, and the like, have let to the evolution of pervasive computing platforms as natural successor of mobile computing systems†[4]. The internet has ended up being the worlds largest medium of communication. It connects different people all over the world in their billions, share information, data, and application electronically. As discussed above, internet and e-business has now been the order of the day in the business community. â€Å"The rising number of internet accounts proves that within the next years will have the largest internet community†. The internet has contributed greatly to making the world a global market where you find customers comparing prices and purchasing items, employee can get access to business information from distant. Due to the growing trend in computer technology and micro-controller getting smaller allowing them to be included into more and more devices, computer got smaller; the use of laptops became quite common and popular, the use of mobile phones with computing abilities became quite popular as well, examples are the apple iphone, android of google and it likes. The mobile phone with computing abilities is one of the recent developments in computer technology, its uses its wireless access to the internet to browse through information based system from basically anywhere in the world, which works just like a desktop or a laptop computer. Although not all application comes with the mobile phone sometimes, it is usually downloadable which therefore compliments for a poor computational capability, that’s why it doesn’t come as a surprise when there are mobile phone that can be wirelessly connected to the internet, edit photos and videos and print them. 2. Home systems These are basically home appliances that are built around computer networks. As the decentralization of computing continues, computers has now become ubiquitous or omnipresent, it has the ability to be everywhere. Nowadays we have networked home which make use of a web server usually small in size but carries out several tasks. For example, an air conditional can be connected to a web server which manages its operations. Other examples are lights, washing machines e.t.c Pervasive computing in homes can be subdivided into four sections which are Information access devices Intelligent Appliances Smart controls Entertainment systems [5]. 2.1. Information access devices An example of an information based device is the PDA â€Å"A personal digital assistant (PDA) also known as a palmtop computer or personal data assistant is a mobile device usually pocketable that functions as a personal information manager.†[6]. It has an electronic display which enables it have a web browser, and can connect to any network. They function as â€Å"Personal Information Management (PIM)† that include and has got applications such as calendar, address book and can also send and return mails. Although the main function of PDA is to make and record appointments and carry phone numbers, it has now undergone rapid development in wireless communication and its now being used in medical facilities to provide mobile access to a patient’s data. Such is the influence of pervasive and mobile computing in our world today. â€Å"In 1996, Nokia introduced the first mobile phone with full PDA functionality, the 9000 Communicator, which grew to become the world’s best-selling PDA† [7]. It brought about a new class of mobile phones: the â€Å"PDA phone†, now called â€Å"Smartphone†. Today, almost all PDAs are also known as smartphones 2.2. Intelligent appliances As we continue exploration into the world of pervasive computing, its ubiquity can be seen even more. Intelligent appliances are another section under pervasive and mobile computing that has integrated into home appliances. Washing machine is a major example of such. It goes as far as being able to be connected to the internet, download new updates or request maintenance service. You read "PERVASIVE AND MOBILE COMPUTING" in category "Essay examples" Another example is the fire alarm system. As soon as it senses fire, sends out a distress signal to the fire co-operation in which further action can be taken. Another example is the security alarm systems which gets activated as soon as unauthorised entry is detected, sends out a distress signal as well to the police department, in which further action is also taken as well. 2.3. Smart controls Smart control is another section under pervasive and mobile computing in homes. Some make use of wireless remote controls for stoves, gas pump e.t.c. and are usually all connected to a network. We also have cases where using a java application, can set a recording time for a video cassette recorder which will automatically start recording when its time. Another example of smart control is the heating system in a house. Usually its has an alarm clock imbedded in it that automatically set in on when its the right time, and heats the room or water as the case may be. 2.4. Entertainment systems â€Å"New kinds of entertainment systems will change the world of traditional broadcasting†. Set up boxes is the technology behind the growth and development of pervasive and mobile computing in home appliances. Interactive digital TV’s, video on demand, improvement in the quality of videos and audios are just one of the few examples of how entertainment is making use of pervasive and mobile technology. Another example is the fire alarm system. As soon as it senses fire, sends out a distress signal to the fire co-operation in which further action can be taken. Another example is the security alarm systems which gets activated as soon as unauthorised entry is detected, sends out a distress signal as well to the police department, in which further action is also taken as well. 3. Electronic Healthcare System The area of healthcare in the field of pervasive computing is a very exciting and promising section, â€Å"it encompasses a broad range of topics such as advanced hospital information and logistics systems, mobile health monitoring, assisted living for the elderly and the handicapped, and lifestyle and wellness related personal systems†. â€Å"Pervasive health care system refer mostly to patient telemonitoring† (Hall et al,2003; Stanford, 2002). Telemonitoring is basically the way in which a patient’s psychological and physical features are being sensed and measured and recorded which provides information through wireless connection to the medical practitioner in real time or/and is transmitted to another location e.g. a medical center or a medical laboratory where other medical experts can work on it [8]. Moreso, with a sensor, a patient’s blood pressure, heart beat rate, blood level, respiration and temperature levels, e.t.c. can be measured. The growth of Pervasive and mobile computing in the health sector is a very promising, the value it adds both socially and economically is enormous in the sense that it creates business opportunities for insurance organizations, telecommunication companies, e.t.c. Moreso, it brings about the hope of a quality medical services while being efficient and ubiquitous and at the same time cost effective. The following are few applications of pervasive and mobile computing in the health-care environment. 3.1. Patient Monitoring With the help of wireless network and private area network, patients who are recovering from an ailment but subject to other complications can be easily monitored anywhere and in case a relapse occur, the nearest hospitals, emergency services are notified automatically. This improves the performance of nurses and doctors, as the time they take to make rounds monitoring patients can be done with the help of pervasive and mobile computing. 3.2. Location based services With the use of network sensors and radio-frequency ID badges, patients with mental challenged patients can easily be tracked if by any chance they leave a designated safe zone. With the help of location based services, people with matching blood types or want to donate an organ can easily be found. Voice-activated systems also act as an aid to blind people. 3.3. Access to medical data With the help of pervasive computing, patients and medical personnel’s can have access to clinical records. This method is very easy as it reduce the stress of doing paper work, less time consuming and the chance of entering an incorrect data is reduced. 3.4. Health care mobile devices These are mobile electronic device that can be used be used to detect certain medical conditions for example, blood pressure, heart rate, alcohol level, e.t.c. In future, such a device can have a wireless capability to contain the individual medical history and if he/she has adeficiency or suffering from a device, the device should be able to send out a signal or message to his/her G.P or a hospital as the case may be [9]. 4. Sensors Networks These are tiny, low cost, low power devices that sense some property e.g. motion, heat sound, light, pressure, e.t.c. and communicate with each other using wireless communication [10]. The wireless sensor is a very major aspect of pervasive computing because it allows computing to be part of the physical environment. It is called a wireless sensors network because many sensors can be spread across different places and can be networked in applications that require no attention producing what is known as a wireless sensor network (WSN). They function in a peer to peer manner in the sense that they do not directly communicate the base station. Usually, â€Å"data collected by individual nodes is routed between the thousands of tiny sensors in a multihop manner until they reach the base station†. A base station is computing device that collects data from multiple sensors node and process them [11]. 4.1. Application of a Wireless sensor network The application of a WSN is countless; it varies from sensing properties like light, temperature, blood pressure, to being used in the military. Below are typical examples of WSN 4.1.1. Military applications In the military, sensor nodes can be spread across the war zone so as to detect the presence of an enemy and also locate them. It can also be used to detect weapons e.g. chemical weapons, biological weapons and so on. Other applications under the military are target field imaging, security and tactical surveillance, intrusion detection. 4.1.2. Environmental application A sensor node can be spread out in the air to monitor the temperature and from its result weather predictions can be made, climate monitoring, pollution tracking amongst many other. 4.1.3. Medical applications The application can be mostly found in this section. The glucose machine to monitor diabetic patient makes use of a sensor, heart monitors. Basically, most medical equipment for monitoring patients makes use of a sensor system. 4.1.4. Urban applications The application of WSN in our society is very clear and obvious, it can ne see in transportationand traffic system, automatic identification of drivers licence, street lights, home security, door alarm to mention a few    5. Ongoing research â€Å"A number of leading technological organizations are exploring pervasive computing. Xerox’s Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), for example, has been working on pervasive computing applications since the 1980s. Although new technologies are emerging, the most crucial objective is not, necessarily, to develop new technologies. IBM’s project Planet Blue, for example, is largely focused on finding ways to integrate existing technologies with a wireless infrastructure. Carnegie Mellon University’s Human Computer Interaction Institute (HCII) is working on similar research in their Project Aura, whose stated goal is â€Å"to provide each user with an invisible halo of computing and information services that persists regardless of location.† The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has a project called Oxygen. MIT named their project after that substance because they envision a future of ubiquitous computing devices as freely available and easily acces sible as oxygen is today.† Today the uses of Internet are limited as its users look for read-mostly information. As we move to a world where the Internet is used as an infrastructure for embedded computing, all this will change. We can hypothesize that the individual utility of mobile communication, wireless appliances and the respective mobile services – pervasive technologies in general – will be exploited through a digital environment that is – aware of their presence sensitive, adaptive and responsive to their needs, habits and emotions and ubiquitously accessible via natural interaction. Increasingly, many of the chips around us will sense their environment in rudimentary but effective ways. For Example –  · Cell phones will ask the landline phone what its telephone number is and will forward our calls to it.  · Remote computers will monitor our health statistics and will determine when one is in trouble and will take appropriate action for rescue.  · Amplifiers will be implanted and used in the inner ear.  · New machines that scan, probe, penetrate and enhance our bodies will be used.  · Refrigerators will be connected to the Internet so one could find out, via cell phone or PDA, what is in it while one is at the store. A refrigerator may even sense when it is low on milk and order more directly from the supplier or rather than this, the connection will enable the manufacturer to monitor the appliance directly to ensure that it is working correctly and inform the owner when it is not.  · Stoves will conspire with the refrigerators to decide what recipe makes the best use of the available ingredients, then guide us through preparation of the recipe with the aid of a network-connected food processor and blender. Or they will communicate to optimize the energy usage in our households.  · Cars will use the Internet to find an open parking space or the nearest vegetarian restaurant for their owners or to allow the manufacturer to diagnose problems before they happen, and either inform the owner of the needed service or automatically install the necessary (software) repair.  · Wrist watches will monitor our sugar.  · Digi-tickers or implanted heart monitors in heart patients will talk wirelessly to computers, which will be trained to keep an eye open for abnormalities. In a nutshell, our personal network will travel around with us like a surrounding bubble, connecting to the environment through which we move and allowing our mobile tools to provide us with more functionality than they ever could alone.† [13] 6. Conclusion Pervasive computing provides a very interesting vision for the future. Information would be basically handy through the help of the wireless technology, so instead of sitting on a PC to get information, we would have instant access through the use of our smart phones, our PDAs, e.t.c. As the growth in technology keeps increasing in the 21st century, it has basically influenced our daily lives, the way we communicate, shop, basically every aspect of it and enough evidence has it we are translating into the world of â€Å"pervasive computing† at a fast speed, and in few years time, the world would be living like a scene in the movie â€Å"Star Trek†. How to cite PERVASIVE AND MOBILE COMPUTING, Essay examples

Culture Is Communication and Communication Is Culture free essay sample

Every culture around the world has a unique language. This language is made up of ideals, values, beliefs, traditions, and further attributes that constitute the essence of one’s ways of communication. Understanding how a culture communicates will, not only, allow people to convey a message to one another the way it was intended, but it will also help individuals to find identity in the differences and commonalities of the numerous cultures. The miscommunication or ignorance of a cultural group can cause segregation, division and, even war. In looking at culture and communication, undoubtedly, the written and spoken language is one of the most obvious distinctions. All the same, Edward T. Hall (1959), an American anthropologist, outlines the importance of recognising that communication proceeds in more ways than this. It is not just the visible deed of exchanging information or a message from one person to another through words, pictures or the arts. But a less visible yet, the more dominant substance of communication is the unspoken, the silent language. It is in the non-verbal gestures; the commonalities, within the culture in which they are part, of attitudes towards work, leisure, learning, values, beliefs; it is in the way relationships are handled and in the way time and space is treated. It is in the enlightenment of these modes of communication where we can discover culture. Furthermore, it is in looking at culture where we can find the means to communicate. Consequently, Hall states, Culture is communication and communication is culture. (Hall, 1959, p. ) Culture and communication exist in accordance with each other. So as is the verbal language, where words exists to verbalise things that could be a norm of thought to one culture but, in another, cannot be translated into just a single word. A word could have a deep significance that has been shared amongst a cultural group for many generations yet; another group of people could only capture the surface of its meaning when shared, and not fully grasp the essence of it. For example, the word hongi in the Maori language cannot be translated directly into a single word but needs to be explained as a gesture in which one presses nose and forehead with another. It has a similar objective to a handshake but also represents the exchanging of breath or the breath of life (Wikipedia). The cultural implication of this word goes as far as to represent a gesture that is passed down from the gods. Many languages, including English, involve communicating ‘time’, ‘past’, ‘present’ and ‘future’. However, a number of cultures have either a vague concept of time or none at all. The Aboriginal population of Australia, for example, count 670 languages and dialects and not one of them have words to communicate the concept of time (Davis, 2011). Cultures that put more value into having a more specific organisation of time will find this difficult to grasp. The Aborigines live with the satisfaction that traditions answer all that is to know of the how and whys of existence. The absence of these words does not, by all means, show that they are ignorant of time, but their values and concepts of the movement of life lie, almost literally, in other realms, such as dreams. (Davis, 2011). Moreover, M. E. Guffey and D. Loewy (2011) explains that, Language does not serve as a tool for communication, but in addition it is a system of representation for perception and thinking. Wade Davis (2011) writes: A language is not merely a set of grammatical rules or a vocabulary. It is a flash of the human spirit, the vehicle by which the soul of each particular culture comes into the material world. Every language is an old-growth forest of the mind, a watershed of thought, an ecosystem of spiritual possibilities. Language has been proven to reflect the way in which different cultures think. Or vice versa. Lera Boroditsky (2011) and her team conducted several tests to see if this was true. They found that, indeed, languages and the way thoughts were processed coincided with each other. In a test to see how people of different language groups treated time and space, individuals were shown pictures of progressing motions like a banana being eaten and a man growing old, and they were left to put them in order. They found that the language that relied solely on absolute direction, like the Kuuk Thaayorre, did not place the order from left to right but from east to west. No matter which direction they faced the cards started from the east and ended at the west. The Aborigines sense of absolute direction is remarkably accurate as it is a cognitive requirement that encompasses the language. It seems the orbiting of the world is all they need in measuring time and space. The way a culture communicates can display the different cultural views on gender. Nancy Bonvillain quotes: Through communicative processes, cultural models of gender are both portrayed and reinforced, contributing to the socialisation of female and males into their expected roles and also creating their ideas about themselves and each other. (Bonvillain, 2003, p. 213) In English speaking cultures Bonvillain found that there were a few hints in the grammatical and stylistic language of the two genders to show that there was a regard for males to be a more dominant figure in the social structure. Women tend to make more polite choice of words and speak with more rising intonations than men. The men spoke more assertively with less intonation. Japanese men and woman differentiate masculinity and femininity through the way they speak and their choice of words. Dominance is more determined by a number of factors such as class, gender, and age. The native people of Bolivia, who speak Chiquita, show a difference in the way males see themselves and how females see males [Bonvillain, 2003]. In their communication males tend to refer to themselves with metaphoric nouns that referred to supernatural beings. But the women refused to use these terms and socially reject the notion that men are in any way superior. This disagreement is seen as a cultural norm amongst the women. Despite the traditional way men and woman are communicated in different cultures, there are evidential changes in the attitudes of both genders in this continually developing world. As is the traditional attitudes towards hierarchy which in some cultures used to regard so highly (such as, the emerging of Korean youth who openly disrespect elders in public [Reference? ] and the protests in Iraq towards their government). Any change in a culture requires a change in the communication; as cultures evolve so do their language. And when new innovations, concepts and items are adopted these are accompanied by new expressions or labels in order to communicate them to others. In the process, things that previously meant one thing can also change in the efforts of providing a word for these new changes. In the sixteenth century the Spanish introduced sheep to the Tzeltal speaking people of Mexico (Davis, 2011). They did not have a word to name this new animal so began to call it cotton deer. Centuries later, as sheep gradually became a part of their economy the expression for these cotton deers simply became deer. Now this word simply means sheep in the Tzeltal language, and a new name was given for deers as wild sheep . (Bonvillain, 2003). Indigenous words have, in many cultures, been adopted to give meaning to new implementations. Also, in a lot of languages, words from other cultures have integrated into the normal everyday use in another culture showing the diversity in how language spread across the globe with centuries of cross-cultural interaction. The English language has borrowed words from over a dozen other languages including the word telephone from the Greek language, canyon which derives from Spanish, orange, candy, sugar from Arabic, tea from the Chinese (Bonvillain, 2003).. The list could go on. Words from English have been contributed to other cultures as well. Like the word noomba which the Navajo speakers adopted with the introduction of numbers. In the meeting of two different cultures one could find that communication style is also very different. Some cultures such as the Arab, Nigerian, Latin American, Native Americans and Asian cultures have a more contextual or circular style of communicating. This is cohesive to the lifestyle and values of these cultures. For example, if one was to ask a Nigerian to share of an experience they would be inclined to also include the smallest details to paint a picture of the context. This way of the storyteller would be a norm of how situations were communicated this culture. However, the more linear style of communicators such as the European American people of the U. S. could perceive circular communicators to be evasive and illogical as they know only to be to the point and specific with their verbal expressions. On the flip side, a culture more inclined to the circular notion of communication could perceive people with a linear style to lack contextual richness and come across as arrogant or too intense. (Guffey Loewy, 2011). The wrong perception of different cultures can lead to stereotypes and prejudice. Culture is a key stimulant of perception which affects communicational thought processes in forming and responding to a message. J. W. Bagsbys research on binocular rivalry (1957) had people from America and Mexico to look though a set of binoculars with various picture showing in each eye one side would show a picture from Mexico and the other from America. When asked in a small amount of time what they saw most they all focused more on pictures that were familiar to their culture. This not only showed that people did, in fact, perceive out of what they are familiar with but it also tells us the impact that culture has in the shaping of one’s thoughts. Communication throughout different cultures can either be high context or low context. High context is to describe those whose ways of communicating put more emphasis on the more nonverbal aspects of a meeting like ones manners, politeness and ambiguities. (Clampitt, 2010). This can be seen in a lot of Asian cultures such as the Japanese, Chinese and Koreans. On the other side of the spectrum lies the U. S. and Germany. These cultures are examples of low context communicators who are more verbally direct and less vague when it comes the exchanging of messages and information. Evidently, the contextual levels of different cultures are reflected in language and communication. It is also apparent that language, as culture does, can change over time. The way one communicates to another also reflects how groups of people have adjusted to the surroundings in which they live. The Mazatec language of the people of Wahaca, in Mexico, is an example of this (Davis, 2011). Because they live in the vastly forested mountains they have come to rely on a system of communication which involves whistling which penetrates through the thick forest and carries through the valley. This form of communication is just a part of life skills learnt in growing up in this environment. Culture, as is communication, is learnt and it is shared by one generation to another and more so now with a great part of the global community. Yet, out of the 7,000 recorded languages only half of them are not being taught. This means that when oldest generation of a culture dies all the wisdom, traditions and values will go with them. And a group of people that once communicated in the same language and shared these values and traditions will be extinct. (Davis, 2011). It is evident throughout history that the people that initiate communicative means in preservation of culture flourish and continue to reproduce. Countries such as Canada show that different cultures, despite history can live harmoniously under one Flag. In 1969 the Canadian government made French and English, both, the official language of Canada for all purposes of the Parliament and Government of Canada, and possess and enjoy equality of status and equal rights and privileges as to their use in all the institutions of the Parliament and Government of Canada. (Grosjean, 1982). And the natives were given a choice to be educated in their native language as well as English and French. (Bonvillain, 2003) Communication in any form, if preserved, is evidential of culture. So to understand culture one must listen.